Patients with locked-in syndrome could not interact or express themselves, although they are well-cognizant of things around them ( Ashok, 2017). Nonetheless, people who are suffering from locked-in syndrome do not have the aforementioned options for interaction. In the event that this communication is established through speech, gesture, or writing, human communication becomes easier and devoid of constraints. This quality enables one to share emotions, expectations, and creative thoughts amongst human beings. Finally, the challenges to the recent BCI systems are discussed, and possible solutions to mitigate the issues are recommended.Ĭommunication, or social interaction, is one of the key principles of human civilization. Secondly, a considerable number of popular BCI applications are reviewed in terms of electrophysiological control signals, feature extraction, classification algorithms, and performance evaluation metrics. First, a brief overview of electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BCI systems is given. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of a complete BCI system. Nonetheless, it is also worth mentioning that with these improvements, new challenges are constantly discovered. Moreover, the significant number of related publications over the past two decades further indicates the consistent improvements and breakthroughs that have been made in this particular field. It is worth noting that the application of BCI is not limited to medical applications, and hence, the research in this field has gained due attention. 3Centre for Fundamental and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysiaīrain-Computer Interface (BCI), in essence, aims at controlling different assistive devices through the utilization of brain waves.2Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics and Sports Laboratory, Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Malaysia.1Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Malaysia.Nasir 2 Bifta Sama Bari 1 Sabira Khatun 1
Abdul Majeed 2 Rabiu Muazu Musa 3 Ahmad Fakhri Ab. Mamunur Rashid 1 * Norizam Sulaiman 1 Anwar P.
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